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Bad Block A block (usually the size of a sector) that cannot reliably hold data because of a media flaw or damaged format markings.
Bank The collection of memory chips or modules that make up a block of memory. This can be 1, 2 or 4 chips. Memory in a PC must always be added or removed in full-bank increments.
BIOS This is the acronym for Basic Input/Output System. Your BIOS runs at startup, configures devices, and then boots the operating system. Because the BIOS is so integral to getting your computer started, it's stored on a separate ROM chip on computer's motherboard, not your hard drive.
Bit Abbreviation for binary digit. A binary digit may have one of two values - 1 or 0. This contrasts with a decimal digit, which may have a value from 0 to 9. A bit is one of the logic 1 or logic 0 binary settings that make up a byte of data.
Boot To start up your computer. Because the computer gets itself up and going from an inert state, it could be said to lift itself up "by its own bootstraps" -- this is where the term 'boot' originates.
Boot Disk The magnetic disk (usually a hard disk) from which an operating system kernel is loaded (or "bootstrapped"). MS-DOS and Microsoft ® Windows® can be configured (in the BIOS) to try to boot off either floppy disk or hard disk, in either order (and on some modern systems even from CD or other removable media). A special floppy boot disk (often called a System Rescue Disk) can be created that will allow your computer to boot even if it cannot boot from the hard disk.
Boot Record Once the BIOS determines which disk to boot from, it loads the first sector of that disk into memory and executes it. Besides this loader program, the Boot Record contains the partition table for that disk. If the Boot Record is damaged, it can be a very serious situation!
Boot Sector See Boot Record.
Bootstrap To load and initialize the operating system on a computer. Often abbreviated to boot.
Buffer An area of RAM reserved for temporary storage of data that is waiting to be sent to a device.
Buffer Under Run Occurs when the system cannot keep up a steady data stream to the CD recording software. The CD recorder itself has a buffer that is constantly filled with data in the event of a system slowdown or interruption. If the buffer is emptied before the system can recover, a buffer under-run occurs.
Bus A set of conductors (wires or connectors in an integrated circuit) connecting the various functional units in a computer. There are busses both within the CPU and connecting it to external memory and peripheral devices. The bus width (i.e., the number of parallel connectors) is one factor limiting a computer's performance.
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