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More and more data is being stored in smaller spaces. Ten years ago hard drives stored 40 Megabytes (MB) of data. Today's hard drives store up to 20 gigabytes (GB) on a smaller surface than the drives of a decade ago. Increasing storage capacities amplify the impact of data loss. As more and more data is stored in smaller and denser areas, mechanical precision becomes crucial.
Hard disk drives store data on one or more metal oxide platters. These platters, which spin at a rate of 3600-10,000 revolutions per minute, hold magnetic charges. A read/write head attached to an actuator arm actually floats on a cushion of air, 1-2 micro-inches (one millionth of an inch) above the surface of the platters. Data flows to and from these heads via electrical connections. Any force that alters this process may cause data loss to occur.
As a part of this advancing technology, the drive tolerance (distance between the read/write head and the platter where data is stored) is steadily decreasing. A slight nudge, a power surge or a contaminant introduced into the drive may cause the head to touch the platter, resulting in a head crash. In some situations, the data residing in the area touched by the head may be permanently destroyed.
The current tolerance drives is 1-2 micro-inches (millionths of an inch). Comparatively, a speck of dust is 4-8 micro-inches and human hair 10 micro-inches. Contaminants of this size can cause serious data damage.
When the operating system fails to read the stored data and instructions from a disk, the disk is said to have crashed. In case of a disk crash, the operating system begins to flash messages like:
Invalid media type error...
Invalid drive specification...
Invalid partition table...
Data error reading Drive X...
General failure reading drive X...
Sector not found...
Track 0 bad...
The above messages indicate a serious disk problem. Either it is a logical or a physical problem. The logical problems can be because either the boot sector/partition table, FAT area or the directory area has gone bad.
Read Also:
 Understanding Data Loss And Recovery
Why Hard Drives crashes
Caring For Your Hard Disk Drive
Backup
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